Hlavn\u011b star\u0161\u00ed lid\u00e9 se zam\u00fd\u0161lej\u00ed, co se stane s majetkem, kter\u00fd po sob\u011b zanechaj\u00ed. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed nechaj\u00ed d\u011blbu na d\u011bdice, co v\u0161ak v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, pokud n\u011bkdo nechce nemovitost p\u0159enechat konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmu d\u011bdici nebo naopak chce ur\u010dit, kter\u00e9mu d\u011bdici m\u00e1 p\u0159ipadnout? Zeptali jsme se pr\u00e1vni\u010dky z advok\u00e1tn\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159e AKMV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u011bdici mohou v r\u00e1mci d\u011bdick\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed uzav\u0159\u00edt dohodu o tom, kter\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st majetku komu z d\u011bdic\u016f p\u0159ipadne. N\u011bkdy se v\u0161ak z r\u016fzn\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f st\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee z\u016fstavitel, tedy vlastn\u00edk nemovitosti, nechce, aby se jeho majetek projedn\u00e1val v d\u011bdick\u00e9m \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, ale chce ur\u010dit komu konkr\u00e9tn\u011b p\u0159ipadne \u010di nep\u0159ipadne. Jak\u00e9 mo\u017enosti takov\u00e9mu vlastn\u00edkovi pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d umo\u017e\u0148uje, n\u00e1m p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eila JUDr. Veronika Michal\u00edkov\u00e1 z advok\u00e1tn\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159e AKMV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Darov\u00e1n\u00ed nemovitosti
\u010casto vyu\u017e\u00edvanou mo\u017enost\u00ed, jak pr\u00e1vn\u00ed vztah k nemovitosti uspo\u0159\u00e1dat je\u0161t\u011b za \u017eivota z\u016fstavitele, je darov\u00e1n\u00ed nemovitosti budouc\u00edmu d\u011bdici. Darov\u00e1n\u00edm nemovitosti jsme se podrobn\u011bji zab\u00fdvali v jednom z p\u0159edchoz\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vlastn\u00edk nemovitosti se m\u016f\u017ee rozhodnout nemovitost darovat n\u011bkter\u00e9mu z budouc\u00edch d\u011bdic\u016f nebo i jin\u00e9 osob\u011b je\u0161t\u011b b\u011bhem sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee m\u00e1 v\u00edce d\u011bt\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee se nemovitost rozhodnout darovat nap\u0159\u00edklad i jen jednomu z d\u011bt\u00ed. Ostatn\u00edm d\u011btem nevznik\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z\u00e1konn\u00fd n\u00e1rok na \u201ev\u00fdplatek\u201c od obdarovan\u00e9ho sourozence. S darov\u00e1n\u00edm nemus\u00ed souhlasit a ani o n\u011bm nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt informov\u00e1ni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V souvislosti s darov\u00e1n\u00edm je t\u0159eba p\u0159ipomenout, \u017ee doch\u00e1z\u00ed-li k d\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed ze z\u00e1kona (v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b neexistence z\u00e1v\u011bti), d\u011bdici se do jeho d\u011bdick\u00e9ho pod\u00edlu zapo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 i to, co bez\u00faplatn\u011b dostal za \u017eivota z\u016fstavitele. V praxi pouk\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na toto zapo\u010dten\u00ed daru v d\u011bdick\u00e9m \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed u not\u00e1\u0159e zejm\u00e9na ostatn\u00ed d\u011bdicov\u00e9. V\u00fdjimku z pot\u0159eby zapo\u010dten\u00ed daru p\u0159edstavuje obvykl\u00e9 darov\u00e1n\u00ed. Obvykl\u00fdmi dary jsou v\u0161ak v praxi hlavn\u011b b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 movit\u00e9 v\u011bci a je nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee by v n\u011bjak\u00e9m konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b byla za obvykl\u00fd dar pova\u017eov\u00e1na nemovitost. To, co od z\u016fstavitele bez\u00faplatn\u011b nabyli p\u0159edkov\u00e9, se zapo\u010dte i do d\u011bdick\u00e9ho pod\u00edlu potomk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed d\u011bd\u00ed v prvn\u00ed d\u011bdick\u00e9 skupin\u011b nam\u00edsto d\u011bt\u00ed z\u016fstavitele. Zapo\u010dten\u00ed se m\u016f\u017ee uskute\u010dnit iv p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b d\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed ze z\u00e1v\u011bti, ale pouze v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee k tomu dal z\u016fstavitel p\u0159\u00edkaz nebo pokud by jinak obdarovan\u00fd d\u011bdic byl neod\u016fvodn\u011bn\u011b zv\u00fdhodn\u011bn oproti neopomenuteln\u00e9mu d\u011bdici.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Z pohledu obdarovan\u00e9ho je v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b darov\u00e1n\u00ed rizikem mo\u017enost vr\u00e1cen\u00ed daru. D\u00e1rce se m\u016f\u017ee dom\u00e1hat vr\u00e1cen\u00ed daru v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee se obdarovan\u00fd chov\u00e1 k n\u011bmu nebo \u010dlen\u016fm jeho rodiny tak, \u017ee t\u00edm hrub\u011b poru\u0161uje dobr\u00e9 mravy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Prodej nemovitosti
O prodeji nemovitosti, stejn\u011b jako o darov\u00e1n\u00ed plat\u00ed, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o dispozici s vlastnictv\u00edm, ke kter\u00e9 je vlastn\u00edk v\u011bci opr\u00e1vn\u011bn. Vlastn\u00edk se tedy m\u016f\u017ee rozhodnout komu (v\u010detn\u011b potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch d\u011bdic\u016f) a za jak\u00fdch podm\u00ednek nemovitost prod\u00e1. P\u0159i prodeji nemovitosti bl\u00edzk\u00e9 osob\u011b je pom\u011brn\u011b \u010dast\u00e9 i ujedn\u00e1n\u00ed netr\u017en\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e9 kupn\u00ed ceny, \u010demu\u017e jsme se ji\u017e tak\u00e9 podrobn\u011bji v\u011bnovali zde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Samotn\u00e9 ujedn\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00e9 kupn\u00ed ceny by nem\u011blo p\u0159edstavovat probl\u00e9m. Probl\u00e9m by v\u0161ak mohl vzniknout v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, kdy by kupn\u00ed smlouva s nep\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u011b n\u00edzkou kupn\u00ed cenou byla nap\u0159\u00edklad. v\u00fdsledkem jedn\u00e1n\u00ed v rozporu s dobr\u00fdmi mravy. To by byl d\u016fvod k neplatnosti kupn\u00ed smlouvy. Neplatn\u00e1 by kupn\u00ed smlouva mohla b\u00fdt iv p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee by se jednalo o tzv. kupn\u00ed smlouvu. zast\u0159en\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u00fakon. To by se mohlo st\u00e1t nap\u0159\u00edklad. pokud by smlouva byla sice ozna\u010dena jako kupn\u00ed smlouva, ale skute\u010dn\u00fdm \u00famyslem smluvn\u00edch stran by bylo darov\u00e1n\u00ed, co\u017e by se v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b soudn\u00edho sporu o platnost takov\u00e9 smlouvy prokazovalo zejm\u00e9na v\u00fdslechem smluvn\u00edch stran.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A\u0165 u\u017e by do\u0161lo k p\u0159evodu nemovitosti darov\u00e1n\u00edm nebo prodejem, u nemovitost\u00ed, ve kter\u00fdch d\u00e1rce\/prod\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed bydl\u00ed, resp. ve kter\u00fdch pl\u00e1nuje do\u017e\u00edt, jednozna\u010dn\u011b doporu\u010dujeme p\u0159\u00edmo ve smlouv\u011b sjednat i vznik v\u011bcn\u00e9ho b\u0159emene v jeho prosp\u011bch (pr\u00e1va do\u017eivotn\u00edho bydlen\u00ed).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Zaopat\u0159ovac\u00ed smlouva
M\u00e9n\u011b zn\u00e1mou a t\u00edm i m\u00e9n\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvanou mo\u017enost\u00ed p\u0159enech\u00e1n\u00ed nemovitosti jin\u00e9 osob\u011b je i uzav\u0159en\u00ed tzv. . zaopat\u0159ovac\u00ed smlouvy. Zaopat\u0159ovac\u00ed smlouva nen\u00ed v na\u0161em pr\u00e1vn\u00edm \u0159\u00e1du upravena jako samostatn\u00fd smluvn\u00ed typ. Pat\u0159\u00ed proto mezi tzv. nepojmenovan\u00e9 smlouvy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
P\u0159edm\u011btem zaopat\u0159ovac\u00ed smlouvy je z\u00e1vazek zaopat\u0159ence p\u0159enechat zaopat\u0159ovateli nemovitost a z\u00e1vazek zaopat\u0159ovatele poskytnout zaopat\u0159enci p\u00e9\u010di vymezenou ve smlouv\u011b. Ve smyslu rozhodovac\u00ed praxe soud\u016f je z\u00e1vazek p\u00e9\u010de t\u0159eba dostate\u010dn\u011b ur\u010dit\u011b specifikovat. Neposta\u010duje pouze v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 uveden\u00ed, \u017ee zaopat\u0159ovatel bude zaopat\u0159ence opatrovat a pod. Takov\u00e1 definice z\u00e1vazku pe\u010dovatele by mohla zp\u016fsobit smlouvu neplatnou. Doporu\u010dujeme p\u0159esn\u011b vymezit, co v\u0161echno bude zaopat\u0159ovatel povinen prov\u00e1d\u011bt (nap\u0159. nakupov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u00faklid, doprovod na l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed a tak\u00e9 ur\u010dit jak \u010dasto atd.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Upozor\u0148ujeme, \u017ee nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9 seps\u00e1n\u00ed zaopat\u0159ovac\u00ed smlouvy m\u016f\u017ee pro ob\u011b smluvn\u00ed strany p\u0159edstavovat velk\u00e9 riziko. Nap\u0159. vylou\u010deno, aby zaopat\u0159ovac\u00ed smlouva bude vyhodnocena jako dv\u011b samostatn\u00e9 smlouvy na jedn\u00e9 listin\u011b (darovac\u00ed smlouva i nepojmenovan\u00e1 smlouva zavazuj\u00edc\u00ed obdarovan\u00e9ho k opatrov\u00e1n\u00ed). Pokud by soud takovou listinu vyhodnotil jako dv\u011b samostatn\u00e9 smlouvy, mohlo by se v praxi st\u00e1t, \u017ee obdarovan\u00fd nabude nemovitost darov\u00e1n\u00edm, ale povinnost opatrovat sjednanou v nepojmenovan\u00e9 smlouv\u011b si n\u00e1sledn\u011b nebude \u0159\u00e1dn\u011b plnit. Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d \u010cR nezakotvuje mo\u017enost odstoupen\u00ed od zaopat\u0159ovac\u00ed smlouvy. Riziko pro zaopat\u0159ovatele m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zase v tom, \u017ee pokud by soud vyhodnotil, \u017ee v\u016fl\u00ed zaopat\u0159ence bylo p\u0159enechat nemovitost pod podm\u00ednkou zaopat\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, smlouva by se posuzovala jako jeden \u00fakon a neplatn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se nap\u0159\u00edklad. vymezen\u00ed podm\u00ednek zaopat\u0159en\u00ed by zp\u016fsobila neplatnost i samotn\u00e9ho darov\u00e1n\u00ed nemovitosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pro n\u011bkoho m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zaopat\u0159ovac\u00ed smlouva ide\u00e1ln\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm, vzhledem k jej\u00edm specifik\u016fm v\u0161ak d\u016frazn\u011b doporu\u010dujeme, aby si ji vlastn\u00edk nemovitosti v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b z\u00e1jmu nechal vypracovat advok\u00e1tem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00fdhodou do\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00edho n\u00e1stupnictv\u00ed ve vztahu k nemovitostem je\u0161t\u011b za \u017eivota je i \u00faspora na not\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch poplatc\u00edch, jejich\u017e v\u00fd\u0161e se odv\u00edj\u00ed od hodnoty majetku. \u010c\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je hodnota p\u0159ed\u011b\u010fovan\u00e9ho majetku (a\u017e po ur\u010ditou hranici), t\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed je i v\u00fd\u0161e not\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch poplatk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Z\u00e1v\u011b\u0165
Pokud vlastn\u00edk nechce vy\u0159e\u0161it ot\u00e1zku vlastnictv\u00ed ke sv\u00fdm nemovitostem je\u0161t\u011b za sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota, ale m\u00e1 p\u0159edstavu, kter\u00fd konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed d\u011bdic by m\u011bl jeho nemovitost zd\u011bdit, resp. jak by se m\u011bly jeho nemovitosti rozd\u011blit, m\u016f\u017ee sepsat z\u00e1v\u011b\u0165. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b z\u00e1v\u011btn\u00ed d\u011bdicov\u00e9 nabudou vlastnictv\u00ed k p\u0159edm\u011btn\u00fdm nemovitostem a\u017e jeho smrt\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Upozor\u0148ujeme v\u0161ak, \u017ee potomci z\u016fstavitele jsou ze z\u00e1kona tvz. neopomenuteln\u00fdmi d\u011bdici. Zletil\u00fdm potomk\u016fm mus\u00ed z\u016fstavitel v z\u00e1v\u011bti odk\u00e1zat alespo\u0148 tolik, kolik p\u0159edstavuje polovina d\u011bdick\u00e9ho pod\u00edlu, kter\u00fd by jim n\u00e1le\u017eel p\u0159i d\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed ze z\u00e1kona. Tedy polovina toho, co by d\u011bdili, kdyby nesepsal z\u00e1v\u011b\u0165. Nezletil\u00fdm potomk\u016fm mus\u00ed odk\u00e1zat alespo\u0148 tolik, kolik je jejich d\u011bdick\u00fd pod\u00edl ze z\u00e1kona. Pokud to v z\u00e1v\u011bti nen\u00ed dodr\u017eeno, je z\u00e1v\u011b\u0165 v p\u0159edm\u011btn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti neplatn\u00e1. V\u00fdjimku p\u0159edstavuje p\u0159\u00edpad, kdy by se z\u00e1v\u011bt\u00ed sepsal z\u016fstavitel i listinu o vyd\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vyd\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed
K vyd\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed zakotvuje z\u00e1kon pom\u011brn\u011b striktn\u00ed podm\u00ednky. Spr\u00e1vn\u011b n\u011bkoho vyd\u011bdit v praxi v\u016fbec nen\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9. Aby mohlo k vyd\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed doj\u00edt, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt d\u00e1n alespo\u0148 jeden ze \u010dty\u0159 d\u016fvod\u016f vyd\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed zakotven\u00fdch v Ob\u010dansk\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u00edku. D\u016fvodem vyd\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed je, pokud potomek v rozporu s dobr\u00fdmi mravy neposkytl z\u016fstaviteli pot\u0159ebnou pomoc v nemoci, ve st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed nebo v jin\u00fdch z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech, potomek o z\u016fstavitele trvale neprojevuje skute\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1jem, kter\u00fd by jako potomek m\u011bl projevovat, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b byl odsouzen pro \u00famysln\u00fd trestn\u00fd \u010din k trestu odn\u011bt\u00ed svobody v trv\u00e1n\u00ed nejm\u00e9n\u011b jednoho roku a\/nebo potomek trvale vede neuspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fd \u017eivot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podm\u00ednky vypl\u00fdvaj\u00ed iz pom\u011brn\u011b rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 rozhodovac\u00ed praxe soud\u016f, proto v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee zva\u017eujete tento pr\u00e1vn\u00ed institut vyu\u017e\u00edt, doporu\u010dujeme poradit se s advok\u00e1tem nebo not\u00e1\u0159em. Jin\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u00fakony pro p\u0159\u00edpad smrti ne\u017e z\u00e1v\u011b\u0165 a vyd\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1\u0161 sou\u010dasn\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d neumo\u017e\u0148uje.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Hlavn\u011b star\u0161\u00ed lid\u00e9 se zam\u00fd\u0161lej\u00ed, co se stane s majetkem, kter\u00fd po sob\u011b zanechaj\u00ed. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed nechaj\u00ed d\u011blbu na d\u011bdice, co v\u0161ak v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, pokud n\u011bkdo nechce nemovitost p\u0159enechat konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmu d\u011bdici nebo naopak chce ur\u010dit, kter\u00e9mu d\u011bdici m\u00e1 p\u0159ipadnout? Zeptali jsme se pr\u00e1vni\u010dky z advok\u00e1tn\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159e AKMV. D\u011bdici mohou v r\u00e1mci d\u011bdick\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed uzav\u0159\u00edt dohodu o […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2438,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[155],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2447","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-rady-a-navody"],"amp_enabled":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/idomy.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2447","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/idomy.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/idomy.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/idomy.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/idomy.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2447"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/idomy.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2447\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/idomy.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2438"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/idomy.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2447"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/idomy.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2447"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/idomy.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2447"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}